Make the REPL awesome with readline, declarations, commands, file loading, etc.

* Added line and block comments to the syntax
* Added `:trace`, `:clear`, `:load`, and `:check` commands to the REPL
* Added persistent declarations and a syntax for multi-expression programs

Future ideas:
* `:type` (print the type of an expression)
* `:dump` (dump all definitions to a file)
* auto-complete for commands and variable-names
* list files to load as arguments
* initial `:trace` and `:check` config as arguments

README.md

@@ -5,11 +5,27 @@ using the Hindley-Milner type system, plus some builtin types, `fix`, and `callc
 ## Usage
 Run the program using `stack run` (or run the tests with `stack test`).
 
-Type in your expression at the prompt: `>> `. This will happen:
+Type in your expression at the prompt: `>> `.
-* the type for the expression will be inferred and then printed,
+Yourexpression will be evaluated to normal form using the call-by-value evaluation strategy and then printed.
-* then, regardless of whether typechecking succeeded, expression will be evaluated to normal form using the call-by-value evaluation strategy and then printed.
 
-Exit the prompt with `Ctrl-c` (or equivalent).
+Exit the prompt with `Ctrl-d` (or equivalent).
+
+## Commands
+Instead of entering an expression in the REPL, you may enter a command.
+These commands are available:
+
+* `:load <filename>`: Execute a program in the interpreter, importing all definitions.
+* `:clear`: Clear all of your variable definitions.
+* `:check <on/off> <always/decls/off>`:
+  * If the first argument is `off`, then expressions will be evaluated even if they do not typecheck.
+  * If the second argument is `always`, inferred types will always be printed.
+    If it is `decls`, then only declarations will have their inferred types printed.
+    Otherwise, the type of expressions is never printed.
+  * The default values are `on` `decls`.
+* `:trace <off/local/global>`:
+  * If the argument is `local`, intermediate expressions will be printed as the evaluator evaluates them.
+  * If the argument is `global`, the *entire* expression will be printed each evaluator step.
+  * The default value is `off`.
 
 ## Syntax
 The parser's error messages currently are virtually useless, so be very careful with your syntax.
@@ -30,6 +46,12 @@ The parser's error messages currently are virtually useless, so be very careful
 * Literals: `1234`, `[e, f, g, h]`, `'a`, `"abc"`
   * Strings are represented as lists of characters.
 * Type annotations: there are no type annotations; types are inferred only.
+* Comments: `// line comment`, `/* block comment */`
+
+Top-level contexts (e.g. the REPL or a source code file)
+allow declarations (`let` expressions without `in ...`),
+which make your definitions available for the rest of the program's execution.
+You may separate multiple declarations and expressions with `;`.
 
 ## Types
 Types are checked/inferred using the Hindley-Milner type inference algorithm.
@@ -59,66 +81,4 @@ because they perform the side effect of modifying the current continuation,
 and this is *not* valid syntax you can input into the REPL.
 
 ## Example code
-Create a list by iterating `f` `n` times:
+You can see some example code in `examples.lc`.
-```
-fix \iterate f x. { Z -> [] ; S n -> (x :: iterate f (f x) n) }
-: ∀e. ((e -> e) -> (e -> (Nat -> [e])))
-```
-
-Use the iterate function to count to 10:
-```
->> let iterate = fix \iterate f x. { Z -> [] ; S n -> (x :: iterate f (f x) n) }; countTo = iterate S 1 in countTo 10
-: [Nat]
-[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
-```
-
-Append two lists together:
-```
-fix \append xs ys. { [] -> ys ; (x :: xs) -> (x :: append xs ys) } xs
-: ∀j. ([j] -> ([j] -> [j]))
-```
-
-Reverse a list:
-```
-fix \reverse. { [] -> [] ; (x :: xs) -> append (reverse xs) [x] }
-: ∀c1. ([c1] -> [c1])
-```
-
-Putting them together so we can reverse `"reverse"`:
-```
->> let append = fix \append xs ys. { [] -> ys ; (x :: xs) -> (x :: append xs ys) } xs; reverse = fix \reverse. { [] -> [] ; (x :: xs) -> append (reverse xs) [x] } in reverse "reverse"
-: [Char]
-"esrever"
-```
-
-Calculating `3 + 2` with the help of Church-encoded numerals:
-```
->> let Sf = \n f x. f (n f x); plus = \x. x Sf in plus (\f x. f (f (f x))) (\f x. f (f x)) S Z
-: Nat
-5
-```
-
-This expression would loop forever, but `callcc` saves the day!
-```
->> S (callcc \k. (fix \x. x) (k Z))
-: Nat
-1
-```
-
-And if it wasn't clear, this is what the `Char` constructor does:
-
-```
->> { Char c -> Char (S c) } 'a
-: Char
-'b
-```
-
-Here are a few expressions which don't typecheck but are handy for debugging the evaluator:
-```
->> let D = \x. x x; F = \f. f (f y) in D (F \x. x)
-y y
->> let T = \f x. f (f x) in (\f x. T (T (T (T T))) f x) (\x. x) y
-y
->> (\x y z. x y) y
-λy' z. y y'
-```

app/Main.hs

@@ -1,24 +1,236 @@
+{-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wno-unused-do-bind -Wno-monomorphism-restriction #-}
 module Main (main) where
 
 import LambdaCalculus
 
-import Control.Monad (forever)
+import Control.Exception (IOException, catch)
-import Data.Text (pack)
+import Data.Maybe (isJust)
-import Data.Text.IO
+import Control.Monad (when)
-import Prelude hiding (putStr, putStrLn, getLine)
+import Control.Monad.Catch (MonadMask)
-import System.IO (hFlush, stdout)
+import Control.Monad.Except (MonadError, ExceptT, runExceptT, throwError, liftEither)
+import Control.Monad.IO.Class (MonadIO, liftIO)
+import Control.Monad.Loops (whileJust_)
+import Control.Monad.State (MonadState, StateT, evalStateT, gets, modify)
+import Control.Monad.Trans (lift)
+import Data.HashMap.Strict (HashMap)
+import Data.HashMap.Strict qualified as HM
+import Data.Text qualified as T
+import System.Console.Haskeline
+  ( InputT, runInputT, defaultSettings
+  , outputStrLn, getInputLine, handleInterrupt, withInterrupt
+  )
+import Text.Parsec
+import Text.Parsec.Text (Parser)
 
-prompt :: Text -> IO Text
+outputTextLn :: MonadIO m => Text -> InputT m ()
-prompt text = do
+outputTextLn = outputStrLn . T.unpack
-  putStr text
+
-  hFlush stdout
+-- | Immediately quit the program when interrupted
-  getLine
+-- without performing any additional actions.
+-- (Without this, it will print an extra newline for some reason.)
+justDie :: (MonadIO m, MonadMask m) => InputT m () -> InputT m ()
+justDie = handleInterrupt (pure ()) . withInterrupt
+
+data AppState = AppState
+  { traceOptions :: TraceOptions
+  , checkOptions :: CheckOptions
+  , definitions  :: HashMap Text CheckExpr
+  }
+
+data TraceOptions
+  -- | Print the entire expression in traces.
+  = TraceGlobal
+  -- | Print only the modified part of the expression in traces.
+  | TraceLocal
+  -- | Do not trace evaluation.
+  | TraceOff
+
+data CheckOptions = CheckOptions
+  -- | Require that an expression typechecks to run it.
+  { shouldTypecheck :: Bool
+  -- | Print the inferred type of an expressions.
+  , shouldPrintType :: CheckPrintOptions
+  }
+
+data CheckPrintOptions = PrintAlways | PrintDecls | PrintOff
+  deriving Eq
+
+shouldPrintTypeErrorsQ :: Bool -> CheckOptions -> Bool
+shouldPrintTypeErrorsQ isDecl opts
+  =  shouldTypecheck opts
+  || shouldPrintTypeQ isDecl opts
+
+shouldPrintTypeQ :: Bool -> CheckOptions -> Bool
+shouldPrintTypeQ isDecl opts
+  =  shouldPrintType opts == PrintAlways
+  || shouldPrintType opts == PrintDecls && isDecl
+
+defaultAppState :: AppState
+defaultAppState = AppState
+  { traceOptions = TraceOff
+  , checkOptions = CheckOptions
+    { shouldTypecheck = True
+    , shouldPrintType = PrintDecls
+    }
+  , definitions = HM.empty
+  }
+
+data Command
+  = Trace TraceOptions
+  | Check CheckOptions
+  | Load FilePath
+  | Clear
+
+commandParser :: Parser Command
+commandParser = do
+  char ':'
+  trace <|> check <|> load <|> clear
+  where
+    trace = Trace <$> do
+      try $ string "trace "
+      try traceOff <|> try traceLocal <|> try traceGlobal
+    traceOff = TraceOff <$ string "off"
+    traceLocal = TraceLocal <$ string "local"
+    traceGlobal = TraceGlobal <$ string "global"
+
+    check = Check <$> do
+      try $ string "check "
+      spaces
+      tc <- (True <$ try (string "on ")) <|> (False <$ try (string "off "))
+      spaces
+      pr <- try printAlways <|> try printDecls <|> try printOff
+      pure $ CheckOptions tc pr
+    printAlways = PrintAlways <$ string "always"
+    printDecls = PrintDecls <$ string "decls"
+    printOff = PrintOff <$ string "off"
+
+    load = Load <$> do
+      try $ string "load "
+      spaces
+      many1 anyChar
+
+    clear = Clear <$ try (string "clear")
+
+class MonadState AppState m => MonadApp m where
+  parsed        :: Either ParseError a -> m a
+  typecheckDecl :: Text -> CheckExpr -> m (Maybe Scheme)
+  typecheckExpr ::         CheckExpr -> m (Maybe Scheme)
+  execute       :: CheckExpr -> m EvalExpr
+
+type AppM = ExceptT Text (StateT AppState (InputT IO))
+
+liftInput :: InputT IO a -> AppM a
+liftInput = lift . lift
+
+instance MonadApp AppM where
+  parsed (Left err) = throwError $ T.pack $ show err
+  parsed (Right ok) = pure ok
+
+  typecheckDecl = typecheck . Just
+  typecheckExpr = typecheck Nothing
+
+  execute checkExpr = do
+    defs <- gets definitions
+    let expr = check2eval $ substitute defs checkExpr
+    traceOpts <- gets traceOptions
+    case traceOpts of
+      TraceOff -> do
+        let value = eval expr
+        liftInput $ outputTextLn $ unparseEval value
+        pure value
+      TraceLocal -> do
+        let (value, trace) = evalTrace expr
+        liftInput $ mapM_ (outputTextLn . unparseEval) trace
+        pure value
+      TraceGlobal -> do
+        let (value, trace) = evalTraceGlobal expr
+        liftInput $ mapM_ (outputTextLn . unparseEval) trace
+        pure value
+
+typecheck :: Maybe Text -> CheckExpr -> AppM (Maybe Scheme)
+typecheck decl expr = do
+  defs <- gets definitions
+  let type_ = infer $ substitute defs expr
+  checkOpts <- gets checkOptions
+  if shouldTypecheck checkOpts
+    then case type_ of
+      Left err -> throwError $ "Typecheck error: " <> err
+      Right t -> do
+        printType checkOpts t
+        pure $ Just t
+    else do
+      case type_ of
+        Left err ->
+          when (shouldPrintTypeErrorsQ isDecl checkOpts) $
+            liftInput $ outputStrLn $ "Typecheck error: " <> T.unpack err
+        Right t -> printType checkOpts t
+
+      pure Nothing
+  where
+    isDecl = isJust decl
+
+    printType opts t =
+      when (shouldPrintTypeQ isDecl opts) $
+        liftInput $ outputTextLn $ prefix <> unparseScheme t
+
+    prefix = case decl of
+      Just name -> name <> " : "
+      Nothing -> ": "
+
+define :: MonadApp m => Text -> CheckExpr -> m ()
+define name expr = modify \appState ->
+  let expr' = substitute (definitions appState) expr
+  in appState { definitions = HM.insert name expr' $ definitions appState }
+
+runDeclOrExpr :: MonadApp m => DeclOrExprAST -> m ()
+runDeclOrExpr (Left (name, exprAST)) = do
+  defs <- gets definitions
+  let expr = substitute defs $ ast2check exprAST
+  _ <- typecheckDecl name expr
+  define name expr
+runDeclOrExpr (Right exprAST) = do
+  defs <- gets definitions
+  let expr = substitute defs $ ast2check exprAST
+  _ <- typecheckExpr expr
+  _ <- execute expr
+  pure ()
+
+runProgram :: MonadApp m => ProgramAST -> m ()
+runProgram = mapM_ runDeclOrExpr
+
+runCommand :: forall m. (MonadApp m, MonadIO m, MonadError Text m) => Command -> m ()
+runCommand (Trace traceOpts) = modify \app -> app { traceOptions = traceOpts }
+runCommand (Check checkOpts) = modify \app -> app { checkOptions = checkOpts }
+runCommand Clear = modify \app -> app { definitions = HM.empty }
+runCommand (Load filePath) = do
+  input <- safeReadFile
+  program <- parsed $ parse programParser filePath input
+  runProgram program
+  where
+    safeReadFile :: m Text
+    safeReadFile = liftEither =<< liftIO (
+      (Right . T.pack <$> readFile filePath)
+      `catch` handleException)
+
+    handleException :: IOException -> IO (Either Text Text)
+    handleException = pure . Left . T.pack . show
+
+parseCommandOrDeclOrExpr :: MonadApp m => Text -> m (Either Command DeclOrExprAST)
+parseCommandOrDeclOrExpr input = parsed $ parse commandOrDeclOrExprParser "input" input
+  where
+    commandOrDeclOrExprParser =
+      (Left <$> try commandParser) <|> (Right <$> declOrExprParser) <* spaces <* eof
 
 main :: IO ()
-main = forever $ parseCheck <$> prompt ">> " >>= \case
+main = runInputT defaultSettings $ justDie $ flip evalStateT defaultAppState $
-  Left parseError -> putStrLn $ "Parse error: " <> pack (show parseError)
+  whileJust_ (fmap T.pack <$> lift (getInputLine ">> ")) \inputText ->
-  -- TODO: Support choosing which version to use at runtime.
+    handleErrors do
-  Right expr -> do
+      input <- parseCommandOrDeclOrExpr inputText
-    either putStrLn (putStrLn . (": " <>) . unparseScheme) $ infer expr
+      either runCommand runDeclOrExpr input
-    putStrLn $ unparseEval $ eval $ check2eval expr
+  where
-    --mapM_ (putStrLn . unparseEval) $ snd $ traceEval $ check2eval expr
+    handleErrors :: ExceptT Text (StateT AppState (InputT IO)) () -> StateT AppState (InputT IO) ()
+    handleErrors m = do
+      result <- runExceptT m
+      case result of
+        Left err -> lift $ outputTextLn err
+        Right _ -> pure ()

examples.lc

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Create a list by iterating `f` `n` times:
+let iterate = fix \iterate f x. { Z -> [] ; S n -> (x :: iterate f (f x) n) };
+// Use the iterate function to count to 10:
+let countTo = iterate S 1 in countTo 10;
+
+// Append two lists together:
+let append = fix \append xs ys. { [] -> ys ; (x :: xs) -> (x :: append xs ys) } xs;
+// Reverse a list:
+let reverse = fix \reverse. { [] -> [] ; (x :: xs) -> append (reverse xs) [x] };
+// Now we can reverse `"reverse"`:
+reverse "reverse";
+
+// Calculating `3 + 2` with the help of Church-encoded numerals:
+let Sf = \n f x. f (n f x); plus = \x. x Sf in plus (\f x. f (f (f x))) (\f x. f (f x)) S Z;
+
+// This expression would loop forever, but `callcc` saves the day!
+S (callcc \k. (fix \x. x) (k Z));
+
+// And if it wasn't clear, this is what the `Char` constructor does:
+{ Char c -> Char (S c) } 'a;
+// (it outputs `'b`)
+
+// Here are a few expressions which don't typecheck but are handy for debugging the evaluator:
+/*
+let D = \x. x x; F = \f. f (f y) in D (F \x. x);
+// y y
+let T = \f x. f (f x) in (\f x. T (T (T (T T))) f x) (\x. x) y;
+// y
+(\x y z. x y) y;
+// λy' z. y y'
+*/

package.yaml

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ default-extensions:
 
 dependencies:
 - base >= 4.14 && < 5
+- monad-loops >= 0.4.3 && < 0.5
 - mtl >= 2.2 && < 3
 - parsec >= 3.1 && < 4
 - recursion-schemes >= 5.2 && < 6
@@ -72,6 +73,8 @@ executables:
     - -with-rtsopts=-N
     dependencies:
     - jtm-lambda-calculus
+    - exceptions >= 0.10.4 && < 0.11
+    - haskeline >= 0.8 && < 1
 
 tests:
   jtm-lambda-calculus-test:

src/LambdaCalculus/Evaluator.hs

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ module LambdaCalculus.Evaluator
   , Eval, EvalExpr, EvalX, EvalXF (..)
   , pattern AppFE, pattern CtrE, pattern CtrFE
   , pattern ContE, pattern ContFE, pattern CallCCE, pattern CallCCFE
-  , eval, traceEval
+  , eval, evalTrace, evalTraceGlobal
   ) where
 
 import LambdaCalculus.Evaluator.Base
 import LambdaCalculus.Evaluator.Continuation
 
 import Control.Monad.Except (MonadError, ExceptT, throwError, runExceptT)
+import Control.Monad.Loops (iterateM_)
 import Control.Monad.State (MonadState, evalState, modify', state, put, gets)
 import Control.Monad.Writer (runWriterT, tell)
 import Data.HashMap.Strict qualified as HM
@@ -54,10 +55,6 @@ pop = state \case
 ret :: (MonadError EvalExpr m, MonadState Continuation m) => EvalExpr -> m EvalExpr
 ret e = pop >>= maybe (throwError e) (pure . continue1 e)
 
--- | Iteratively perform an action forever (or at least until it performs a control flow effect).
-iterateM_ :: Monad m => (a -> m a) -> a -> m b
-iterateM_ m = m' where m' x = m x >>= m'
-
 fromLeft :: Either a Void -> a
 fromLeft (Left x) = x
 fromLeft (Right x) = absurd x
@@ -105,10 +102,15 @@ evaluatorStep = \case
 eval :: EvalExpr -> EvalExpr
 eval = flip evalState [] . loop evaluatorStep
 
-traceEval :: EvalExpr -> (EvalExpr, [EvalExpr])
+-- | Trace each evaluation step.
-traceEval = flip evalState [] . runWriterT . loop \e -> do
+evalTrace :: EvalExpr -> (EvalExpr, [EvalExpr])
-  -- You can also use `gets (continue e)` to print the *entire* expression each step.
+evalTrace = flip evalState [] . runWriterT . loop \e -> do
-  -- This is a trade-off because it becomes much harder to pick out what changed from the rest of the expression.
+  tell [e]
+  evaluatorStep e
+
+-- | Trace each evaluation step, including the *entire* continuation of each step.
+evalTraceGlobal :: EvalExpr -> (EvalExpr, [EvalExpr])
+evalTraceGlobal = flip evalState [] . runWriterT . loop \e -> do
   e' <- gets (continue e)
   tell [e']
   evaluatorStep e

src/LambdaCalculus/Expression.hs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module LambdaCalculus.Expression
   , pattern FixC, pattern FixFC, pattern HoleC, pattern HoleFC
   , Type (..), TypeF (..), Scheme (..), tapp
   , ast2check, ast2eval, check2eval, check2ast, eval2ast
+  , builtins
   ) where
 
 import LambdaCalculus.Evaluator.Base

src/LambdaCalculus/Syntax/Parser.hs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 module LambdaCalculus.Syntax.Parser
-  ( ParseError
+  ( ParseError, parse
-  , parseAST
+  , DeclOrExprAST, ProgramAST
+  , parseAST, parseDeclOrExpr, parseProgram
+  , astParser, declOrExprParser, programParser
   ) where
 
 import LambdaCalculus.Syntax.Base
@@ -8,10 +10,25 @@ import LambdaCalculus.Syntax.Base
 import Data.List.NonEmpty (fromList)
 import Data.Text qualified as T
 import Prelude hiding (succ, either)
-import Text.Parsec hiding (label, token)
+import Text.Parsec hiding (label, token, spaces)
 import Text.Parsec qualified
 import Text.Parsec.Text (Parser)
 
+spaces :: Parser ()
+spaces = Text.Parsec.spaces >> optional (try (comment >> spaces))
+  where
+    comment, lineComment, blockComment :: Parser ()
+    comment = blockComment <|> lineComment
+    lineComment = label "line comment" $ do
+      _ <- try (string "//")
+      _ <- many1 (noneOf "\n")
+      pure ()
+    blockComment = label "block comment" $ do
+      _ <- try (string "/*")
+      _ <- many1 $ notFollowedBy (string "*/") >> anyChar
+      _ <- string "*/"
+      pure ()
+
 label :: String -> Parser a -> Parser a
 label = flip Text.Parsec.label
 
@@ -55,15 +72,18 @@ abstraction :: Parser AST
 abstraction = label "lambda abstraction" $ Abs <$> between lambda (token '.') (many1' identifier) <*> ambiguous
   where lambda = label "lambda" $ (char '\\' <|> char 'λ') *> spaces
 
+definition :: Parser (Def Parse)
+definition = do
+  name <- identifier
+  token '='
+  value <- ambiguous
+  pure (name, value)
+
 let_ :: Parser AST
 let_ = Let <$> between (keyword "let") (keyword "in") (fromList <$> definitions) <*> ambiguous
   where
     definitions :: Parser [Def Parse]
-    definitions = flip sepBy1 (token ';') do
+    definitions = sepBy1 definition (token ';')
-      name <- identifier
-      token '='
-      value <- ambiguous
-      pure (name, value)
 
 ctr :: Parser AST
 ctr = pair <|> unit <|> either <|> nat <|> list <|> str
@@ -158,5 +178,32 @@ block = label "block expression" $ abstraction <|> let_ <|> finite
 ambiguous :: Parser AST
 ambiguous = label "any expression" $ try application <|> block
 
+astParser :: Parser AST
+astParser = ambiguous
+
 parseAST :: Text -> Either ParseError AST
 parseAST = parse (spaces *> ambiguous <* eof) "input"
+
+type Declaration = (Text, AST)
+
+declaration :: Parser Declaration
+declaration = do
+  notFollowedBy (try let_)
+  keyword "let"
+  definition
+
+-- | A program is a series of declarations and expressions to execute.
+type ProgramAST = [DeclOrExprAST]
+type DeclOrExprAST = Either Declaration AST
+
+declOrExprParser :: Parser DeclOrExprAST
+declOrExprParser = try (Left <$> declaration) <|> (Right <$> ambiguous)
+
+programParser :: Parser ProgramAST
+programParser = spaces *> sepEndBy declOrExprParser (token ';') <* eof
+
+parseDeclOrExpr :: Text -> Either ParseError DeclOrExprAST
+parseDeclOrExpr = parse declOrExprParser "input"
+
+parseProgram :: Text -> Either ParseError ProgramAST
+parseProgram = parse programParser "input"